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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
Primarily metabolized by the enzyme CYP3A4, which is potently inhibited by grapefruit juice[36]. This may cause the drug to take longer to clear from the body. it may increase toxicity with repeated doses. Methadone may also be affected[36]. Codeine and hydrocodone are metabolized by CYP2D6. People who are on medicines that inhibit CYP2D6, or that lack the enzyme due to a genetic mutation will not respond to codeine as it can not be metabolized into its active product: morphine.Legal statusInternationally, morphine is a Schedule I drug under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.[37] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[38]Australia: Morphine is classified as a Schedule 8 drug under the variously titled State and Territory Poisons Acts.[citation needed]Austria: Morphine is legal for medical use under the AMG (Arzneimittelgesetz Österreich) and illegal when sold or possessed without a prescription under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).[citation needed]Canada: Morphine is classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.[39]France: Morphine is in the strictest schedule of controlled substances, based upon the December 1970 French controlled substances law.[citation needed]Germany: Morphine is a controlled substance under Anlage III of the BtMG. It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.[40]Japan: Morphine is classified as a narcotic under the Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Control Act (麻薬及び向精神薬取締法).[41]Netherlands: Morphine is classified as a List 1 drug under the Opium Law.[citation needed]Russia: Morphine is a Schedule II controlled substance.[42]Sweden: Morphine is legal for medical use and is a controlled substance.[43]Switzerland: Morphine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis A. Medicinal use is permitted.[44]Turkey: Morphine is a 'red prescription' only substance[45] and illegal when sold or possessed without a prescription.[citation needed]United Kingdom: Morphine is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and a Schedule 2 Controlled Drug under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001.[46][47]United States: Morphine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act with a main Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number (ACSCN) of ACSCN 9300. Morphine pharmaceuticals in the US are subject to annual manufacturing quotas; morphine production for use in extremely dilute formulations and its production as an intermediate, or chemical precursor, for conversion into other drugs is excluded from the US manufacturing quota.[26]See alsoResponsible useOpioidsCodeineHeroinNaloxoneExternal linksMorphine (Wikipedia)Morphine (Erowid Vault)Morphine (Isomer Design)Morphine (DrugBank)Morphine (Drugs.com)Morphine (Drugs-Forum)LiteratureSchmidt, H., Vormfelde, S. V., Klinder, K., Gundert-Remy, U., Gleiter, C. H., Skopp, G., Aderjan, R. and Fuhr, U. (2002), Affinities of Dihydrocodeine and its Metabolites to Opioid Receptors. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 91: 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910203.xKoch T, Höllt V (2008). Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol. Ther. 117 (2): 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003Pert, C. B., Pasternak, G., & Snyder, S. H. (1973). Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain. Science, 182(4119), 1359-1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4119.1359Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, Morgan CJ, Brandner B, Curran HV (2008). Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology
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